Mr. Market versus Mr. Buffett

Not to beat a dead horse, but this Wells Fargo situation kept lingering in my mind so I thought I'd make this followup post.  It is well understood by value investors but since I have a pretty wide readership in terms of stock market experience, I thought I'd post this because there is something to be learned from thinking about WFC, Buffett and how the market works.


What Mr. Market Sees

WFC Stock Price Since 2001

• Mr. Market sees a volatile stock.  WFC went from $40/share to below $10/share during the crisis; way too volatile.  A 75% decline is just unacceptable to own for a conservative portfolio.  Of course, Mr. Market is the cause of this volatility.  The volatility just illustrates the manic-depressive nature of the stock market.
• Not only is the stock very volatile, but it has gone nowhere for a long time.  
• Mr. Market views banks as too risky not only because of the stock price volatility and gone nowhere-ness, but because it's too complex, opaque and leveraged. Mr. Market prefers the 'safety' of bonds, the 'safety' and non-correlatedness of private equity funds, hedge funds and other alternative investments as the stock market has done nothing in the past decade and is just way too risky.
• Mr. Market sees no future for the banking industry; higher capital requirements and heavier, more extensive regulation makes the future of the industry bleak.  Also, the size of some of the bigger banks (like WFC) makes it unlikely it can grow more in the future.  Skeptics point to the lame top line growth at many financials in recent years.
• Mr. Market reads newspaper and magazine articles that predict a repeat of the most recent crisis; people tend to spend a lot of time fighting the last war.  There is a weird obsession in the media with large, 'evil' banks who have gotten away with murder unpunished.

What Mr. Buffett Sees

• Mr. Buffett does not care about stock price movements.  He only cares about the health of the underlying business.  He believes that stock prices will generally reflect the value of the business over time, but not every single day, month or even year.  Stock prices can be misvalued for long periods of time.  This does not bother Mr. Buffett in the least.  If a stock goes down 80%, he doesn't care as long as the intrinsic value of the business hasn't gone down 80%.   He worries about permanent loss of capital, but never worries about temporary loss of capital due to stock market volatility (if you want to avoid this temporary loss of capital, as in anything else, there will be a cost!).
• Mr. Buffett is in no rush to get rich (or richer, I should say).  Much of the folly in financial markets comes from the need for people to get rich quickly.  In fact, I've had people tell me that they speculate in foreign currencies at 100-1 leverage because they said they are not rich enough to be able to buy stocks and wait for them to go up over the long term like Mr. Buffett, nor are they smart enough to be able to pick stocks like Mr. Buffett.  Another favorite is that they simply don't have the time to be reading annual reports.  Of course, it never occurs to them that if they are not smart enough to pick stocks, who says they are as smart as Soros to be able to make money trading FX?  Needless to say, I've never heard of a good outcome from people who have said this to me.
• Going back to bullet point one, Mr. Buffett only cares about the underlying fundamentals of the business.  While Mr. Market focuses on the stock price movements in the above chart, Mr. Buffett focuses on the following table which shows how WFC has grown BPS over time (including dividends):

                                                WFC BPS growth (including dividends)
                    2002                     +19.1%
                    2003                     +21.4%
                    2004                     +19.2%
                    2005                     +17.5%
                    2006                     +21.0%
                    2007                     +15.1%
                    2008                     +20.8%
                    2009                     +27.1%
                    2010                     +13.2%
                    2011                     +11.7%
                    2012                     +15.8%

• The above table is just astonishing.  Show this to someone without telling them what it is.  Ask them, would they invest in a fund like this?   If this wasn't a major bank, people would be all over this thing.  How many funds or hedge funds have this kind of track record?  This is what Mr. Buffett looks at; not stock price history (except when buying shares, price is important so as not to overpay).
• Having looked at this, it solves another puzzle.  For years, Berkshire Hathaway (BRK) fans have been calling for share repurchases and dividends and things like that.  People seem to be very upset that Mr. Buffett hasn't bought back more shares.  Now we can see why he hasn't been buying back more shares; he sees something better.  Here is the above table with BRK's own BPS growth right next to it (be sure to be seated when viewing this table, or hold onto something):

 
                                        WFC                  BRK
                        2002        +19.1%              +10.0%
                        2003        +21.4%              +21.0%
                        2004        +19.2%              +10.5%
                        2005        +17.5%              +6.4%
                        2006        +21.0%              +18.4%
                        2007        +15.1%              +11.0%
                        2008        +20.8%                 -9.6%
                        2009        +27.1%              +19.8%
                        2010        +13.2%              +13.0%
                        2011        +11.7%                +4.6%
                        2012        +15.8%                   ?         

              5 year avg:        +17.6%                 +7.3%
            10 year avg:        +18.2%               +10.2%

OK, so I cheated as we don't have BRK's 2012 BPS yet.  BRK five and ten year periods are through 2011.  But I don't think it makes a difference in the story it tells.  WFC's performance is just amazing compared to BRK.  It has beaten BRK in every single year, and in most years by a pretty wide margin.  This is unbelievable.  And this is the decade that included the financial crisis?!   You'da thunk BRK woulda done better than a major bank with tons of mortgages.

Go through the table again, starting at the top and slowly look at both figures, year by year, and imagine the headlines in those years.  You would never have guessed the outcome of these two entities in any of these years.

There is a tremendous bias against banks these days, but if there wasn't, Mr. Buffett's thinking should be as clear as anything.  You would be insane to call for him to be buying back BRK stock when he can be buying WFC at an attractice price.

In fact, if Mr. Buffett starts to buy back large amounts of stock when WFC is trading at these levels, this is what I think should happen:

Imagine Mr. Buffett's Face in this Picture

I am not tech savvy enough to cut and paste Mr. Buffett's face over Sewell Avery's.  But yes, if he chooses to buy back BRK stock (right column) over WFC shares (the left column in above table), that would mean he has finally lost his marbles.  Call in the troops.  Take him away!

Back to Bullet Points

• While Mr. Market seeks comfort in the safety of bonds and alternative investments that promise to make money year in and year out no matter the environment, Mr. Buffett understands that this is nonsense.  Bonds are bubbled up right now and have a lot of risk, and again, the history of folly in the investment world is often caused by not only the need to get rich quick, but to get low-risk returns.  The promise of consistent profitability, low volatitily and non-correlation manufactured by financial engineering often delivers on the promise for a time until it blows up.  The cure is often worse than the disease.  Mr. Buffett understands this very well.
• While Mr. Market sees the end of banking as a profitable business, Mr. Buffett disagrees.  He concedes that the days of 20x leverage and 30% ROE are over, but it's still a very good, profitable business.  We don't need another bubble for banking to be a good business (again, look at the above table!).
• Mr. Buffett doesn't worry about top-line growth as he sees that it will come when the economy recovers.  He sees a housing recovery as the key to lower unemployment and a stronger economy and he sees that coming, eventually.  He has tried to time the recovery before and got it wrong, but he still has no doubt it will come.
• Even if the top line doesn't grow too much, Mr. Buffett understands that if you have a profitable business model and excess capital, it can be returned via stock repurchases.  He doesn't need a company to grow; intrinsic value per share of a business can grow a lot without a lot of top line growth.  If you earn 15% ROE and see no top-line growth and just repurchase shares with the profits and you do so at book value, you can grow your BPS 15% (well, even if you don't repurchase shares BPS will grow 15%, but then ROE will go down next year if you can't deploy that 15% at 15% ROE).  If you pay 2x book, you still grow BPS at 7.5% (yes, it would be dilutive to BPS, but can still grow it.  If my other other post is right, then you can still grow intrinsic value per share even if you buy stock above BPS).  If management is competent, businesses can be managed to enhance per share intrinsic value.  There are a lot of value creating levers.
• Mr. Buffett is not worried about the riskiness of banks.  He has been investing in banks for decades and knows banking better than most bankers.  A few obsessed journalists writing scary stories about how opaque the banks are (who probably have never even read a 10-k all the way through) is not a concern.  Some of these writers have only lived through one cycle.  Buffett (and to a lesser extent, Dimon) have seen many cycles and understands that it's the same thing over and over.  
• He agrees with Dimon who pointed out when people were skeptical of the Fed stress tests that they have actually just lived through a real-life stress test and passed with flying colors.  WFC too has passed this real-life stress test amazingly well.  People will argue that that is thanks to TARP, but even the Geithner hating, big bank busting Sheila Bair has said that WFC and JPM are well managed and weren't in trouble and didn't need TARP.  It's amazing that these banks did so well in a 100-year crisis; particularly when WFC was one of the biggest mortgage lenders and the bust centered on residential real estate.
• Mr. Buffett finds it ironic that people say banks were bailed out by the government (so won't invest in them) but are fine with investing in hedge funds, private equity funds etc.   When they bailed out the big banks, they bailed out the financial system.  If the financial system failed, many hedge funds and other investors would have lost a ton of money; look what happened to prime brokerage clients at Lehman, clients at MF Global etc. 
• Mr. Buffett finds it ironic that banks are accused of being opaque when they consistently file hundreds of pages of material with the SEC every year, and yet people invest in hedge funds with nowhere near the disclosure.  Dimon said the other day something like, "We file a 400 page 10-K every year, what do you want to know?"  Perhaps if Madoff had to file with the SEC (in similar detail), people wouldn't have lost money.  Mr. Buffett has been reading annual reports for more than half a century.  I doubt most journalists have even read one all the way through.  (I don't blame them; much of the low quality in journalism is due to deadlines and quotas; I don't think any journalist is any dumber than anyone else.  It's just that if you are an investor thinking about spending billions of dollars to buy into a stock, you are going to do a little bit more work on it than someone who needs to get an article to his editor by 2:00 pm Thursday.  This is why TV journalism can be even flakier; their deadlines may be shorter and they need to fill airtime with stuff.  And you just can't put out a lot of high quality stuff all day.  I am always shocked at how little financial journalists seem to know and understand even when many have more years in the business than me.  Are they that stupid?  I realized it's not that at all.  They don't have a deep understanding because they never dig that deep as they don't have the time.  They only have to dig deep enough to get the story out.  Then it's on to the next story.  That's why my sister understands more about business than some of these so-called veteran journalists; it's not the journalist's job to understand.  It's their job to sell newspapers, magazines, and fill air time)  Oftentimes, you're better off going with the guy with decades of experience and someone who probably has read every single filing for hundreds of companies going back decades over some guy rushing out an article for a deadline where the 'story' is already predetermined (and probably the headline too).

Anyway, this can go on and on so I'll stop here.  I thought it would be an interesting post for some (but same old, same old for us value people).





                   

Wells Fargo is Cheap!

OK, so in my last post I commented that WFC is a great bank but is fully valued.  This thought stuck to my mind over the weekend.  Sometimes when I write something (whether blog or email), what I write bounces around in my head and I have second thoughts about it long after I hit the "send" or "publish" button.

I was wondering, is it really fully valued?  If it is fully valued, then why does Buffett keep buying WFC stock?  He has been buying even before the crisis when the storm clouds were very visible, and even now after financial stocks have rallied a lot.

Why I Said It's Fully Valued
First, let's just look at why I think (or thought) WFC is fully valued.  This valuation approach is the same as how people look at other banks like JPM, BAC and others.

But anyway, here it goes.  Below is the ROA and ROE of WFC since 1997.

               ROA       ROE
1997      1.37%      12.81%
1998      1.04%        9.86%
1999      1.85%      17.66%
2000      1.81%      18.53%
2001      1.40%      14.94%
2002      1.77%      19.60%
2003      1.64%      19.36%
2004      1.71%      19.56%
2005      1.72%      19.57%
2006      1.73%      19.52%
2007      1.55%      17.12%
2008      0.44%        4.79%
2009      0.97%        9.88%
2010      1.01%      10.33%
2011      1.25%      11.93%
2012      1.41%      12.95%

Here are the averages for the various time periods:

                              ROA             ROE
Since 1997             1.4%              15.0%
Last 10 years          1.3%              14.5%
Last 5 years            1.0%              10.0%

WFC has a decent, consistent record.  One way to look at it is that WFC in normal times can earn 1.5% ROA and a 15% ROE or something like that.  With a 15% ROE, WFC can easily be worth 1.5x book value.

As of the end of 2012, BPS of WFC was $27.64/share.  1.5x that is $41.46/share.   At $35/share, WFC seems to be trading at a 15% or so discount to what it's worth; not so exciting.  Of course, it is still a good, solid holding.  If it's worth 1.5x book and the book keeps growing, WFC can obviously still be a great stock to own.

So one way to look at it is that although it may not be trading at a discount to what we think it's worth, it's still a good investment due to future growth.

Just for fun, let's just take a look at what BPS has done over time at WFC.  If we are going to pay close to 1.5x book and our returns will come from growth in BPS instead of a valuation adjustment, we have to see what BPS has done and think about what it might be able to do in the future.

             BPS        DPS
2001       $8.00    $0.50
2002       $8.98    $0.55
2003     $10.15    $0.75
2004     $11.17    $0.93
2005     $12.12    $1.00
2006     $13.58    $1.08
2007     $14.45    $1.18
2008     $16.15    $1.30
2009     $20.03    $0.49
2010     $22.49    $0.20
2011     $24.64    $0.48
2012     $27.64    $0.88

So looking at it this way, it's pretty incredible.  Look at how much BPS has grown over time, and through the crisis too.

Here are the growth rates of BPS over five and ten year periods:

                       BPS growth per year
Five years          +13.9%
Ten years           +11.9%

But BPS growth excludes dividends, so let's add that back and see what BPS growth + dividends would have been:

                       BPS growth w/dividends
Five years       +18.2%
Ten years        +17.6%

That's pretty stunning.  This kind of record shows that BPS/share for WFC is a no-brainer long.  This BPS growth did get a one time bump up from the Wachovia merger, but it's still pretty impressive.

1.5x book value implies a 12%-ish sort of return.  Of course, with 1.5x book as a terminal value, then the return can be 18% over time if they do just as well in the future as they have done in the recent past.  You can say that the last five - ten years was an outlier bad period for financials (but others would argue that the 2005-2007 was outlier good years so it balances out).

In any case, either way, 15% ROE seems achievable and the same would apply here.  You can say 15% ROE = 10% return at 1.5x book, or if you see 1.5x as fair value going forward with no change in terminal value for the foreseeable future, you can expect a 15% return over time even at 1.5x book.

I tend to see things the first way; 15% ROE at 1.5x book = 10% expected return.  This may or may not make sense according to what you think.  But that's just the way I look at things and I think it's the conservative way to look at it.

Back to Buffett
So let's get back to Buffett.  He has been buying WFC even at non-distressed prices.  Why?  I remember when someone asked Buffett about banks and book value and Buffett said that book value is not important.  He does advocate ROE as an important measure of a business, but oddly enough, when discussing WFC during the crisis, he said it's not important.  At the time, he said the cost of capital was the most important thing; the one with the lowest cost will win.

(I think he does look at BPS and it is important to him, but maybe other factors are more important depending on the situation).

The other piece of the puzzle is Buffett's goal of earning a pretax 10% return.  This is what Buffett has been quoted as saying.  At last year's annual meeting I think he mentioned that he likes to pay 9-10x pretax earnings for a good business.

I think a while ago, Munger also mentioned using WFC as a benchmark to evaluate potential investments; if it's not better than WFC, why bother buying something else?   I may be wrong, but I do think that within the context of that discussion he mentioned that WFC can earn 10% pretax return on the then current price.

So that also confirms that this is the valuation benchmark at Berkshire.

Now you see where this is going.  For financials, the Street often uses 10% as the discount rate; if a financial company can only earn 5% ROE, then it's only worth 50% of book.  If it can earn 20% ROE (consistently), then it's worth 2x book etc...

Using Buffett's valuation measure, you will get a different result.

So let's go back to WFC with this new valuation tool (well, it's not new but...).

WFC at 10x Pretax Earnings
In the year just ended, WFC had pretax earnings of $27.1 billion (I added the $9.1 billion in income tax expense to the $18 billion net to common; the pretax income on the income statement includes minority interest and dividends payable to preferreds so $27.1 billion gives us pretax income to common shareholders).

Using Buffett's measure, WFC is worth $271 billion.  With 5.266 billion shares outstanding,  that comes to $51.46/share.

WFC is trading at $35/share now so that's a 70 cent dollar right there.  That's 50% upside, not in two years, but NOW! 

And keep in mind, this is not intrinsic value or fair value or anything like that; it's a price that Buffett would happily pay for the shares.  He says he wants to pay 10x pretax earnings, right?  He needs to earn a 10% pretax return, right?  Well, $51.46/share gives you that.

But, but, but...
This price would come to close to 2x book.  What kind of nonsense is that?  How can a financial stock trade at 2x book in this post-crisis, new, new normal world?  I know.  It sounds ridiculous.  If I said this out loud in a bar downtown near the New York Stock Exchange, I would get laughed right out of the room.

But I'm just putting things together.  There is nothing new here.  I am not making big projections, assuming anything incredible or anything.  I just took some facts that are out there and just slapped them together and that's what you get.

Also, I know most people still fear banks and think another crisis is around the corner.  Well, if you are a WFC shareholder and see what it did during the last crisis, then you should be praying for another crisis!

Rich Get Richer During Bad Times (or Big Get Bigger)
I will put another piece of the puzzle here.  At one of the recent annual meetings, Munger talked about how Rockefeller, Carnegie and others got rich.  They got rich during the bad times.  When bad times hit, these guys grew by buying up the distressed competitors.  This is how it's always been, so it's silly to worry about bad times.  Munger said that if you don't get it, you are an idiot (maybe he had a more elegant way of saying it, but I do remember he said it strongly).

I think this was in a context of answering a question about some fear about the future (of the macro outlook, stock market etc...).

And if you look at the above BPS growth of WFC, you can see how exactly right Munger is.  WFC shareholders should wish for a financial crisis every year!  (WFC grew BPS including dividends at +18%/year in the last five years; it grew BPS + dividends 27% in 2009.  How many hedge funds (who are supposed to make money in volatile markets) made a 27% or better return in 2009? And of those that did, how many have not given it back?).

Buying distressed asset funds / private equity funds / hedge funds to take advantage of volatility and bad times may not be a bad idea, but here is a company that is is doing it, right in front of our eyes.  They do very well in good times and even better in bad times.  Why do people bother looking for someone to hedge their 'deltas', give them non-correlated, leveraged alphas and things like that?  Sometimes (or most of the time), the medicine kills the patient; this need to reduce or eliminate perceived risk ends up killing them.   And sometimes the answers are just so simple.

Anyway, others will point to the one time-ness of the accelerated BPS gains by WFC because of the crisis, but you can't have it both ways.  You can't argue that WFC is no good because another crisis is around the corner, and then worry that the BPS gains in the recent past is one-off so not indicative.

Conclusion
So there you have it.  The greatest investor of all time will be buying WFC all the way up to $50/share (and this will keep going up over time).  And for those worried about another financial crisis around the corner, you want to own a company that will benefit from it.  If you buy WFC and study it's history, you will just start praying for another crisis instead of worrying about it.

What's not to like?

I get it.

(No, I do not own WFC at this time.  I have owned it in the past and may in the future.  By using the above measure, maybe JPM / BAC / GS are even cheaper than I think they are.)

Financials Still Look Good: Part 2

Bank of America (BAC)
BAC announced earnings too, and things there are looking interesting.  Like other banks, there is a problem with NIM pressure.  But the investment bank / brokerage business seems to have done really well.

I won't go into any details here, but I just want to jot down what I was looking at.  First of all, the valuation play for BAC is similar to JPM even though I have very different views on the management of each.  I have a very high regard for JPM management, but only so-so for BAC.  These post-crisis / scandal CEO appointments tend not to work out too well over time and I can't get over the fact that this may be true in the case of BAC too.

I know Buffett has endorsed current BAC management, but I think he really sees the value of the franchise; his ownership of BAC was a bet on the cheap valuation of BAC and their competitive position and not necessarily the current management (even though he has explicitly said that the current CEO is doing the right things).

This is the part that is interesting.  In post-crisis / scandal situations, the right thing is usually pretty straight forward.  It's not easy, necessarily, but the job is to clean up the mess made by the previous management.  It doesn't take a lot of creativity, vision, or leadership skills or anything like that.  In a turnaround situation, survival is the priority so you don't need a visionary, charismatic leader.

Chuck Prince and Martin Sullivan looked good too, initially for a few years, when they were just cleaning up.  But they proved to be horrible CEOs beyond that.  I have no proof that Moynihan is any better or worse than Prince or Sullivan at this point.

Anyway, the valuation play here is simply that BAC is worth book value, or 1.5x tangible book value.  I think Moynihan has stated that BAC can earn at least 15% return on tangible book in normal times (when the current high cost of dealing with the mortgage mess settles down).

At 2012 year-end, the BPS for BAC were:

BPS:                $20.24
tangible BPS:  $13.36

It just so happens that BPS is 1.5x tangible BPS, so we get the same valuation target using 1x BPS or 1.5x tangible BPS.  With the stock price at around $11.50,  there is still pretty substantial upside.

I've looked at this from the point of view the sum of the parts, so let's take a look at the old Merrill.  It turns out that the old Merrill is doing very well.  Here are the returns on average equity (ROAE) and returns on average economic capital (ROAEC, basically return on average tangible equity) of the three business segments that is the old Merrill (even though global banking now includes more than just the former investment banking business).

Global Wealth and Investment Management
                         2011        2012
ROAE                9.9%     12.53%
ROAEC           30.52%   25.46%

Global Banking
                          2011        2012
ROAE               12.76%    12.47%
ROAEC             26.59%    27.21%

Global Markets
                           2011        2012
ROAE                4.99%      19.19%
ROAEC              6.34%      26.14%

The returns for Global Markets exclude DVA and UK tax adjustments.  So the old Merrill is looking pretty good.  Combined, I think the total ROAE comes to 14.3% which is very good.

I think it is safe to say that the these three segments, or what we call the old Merrill is worth book value.

So let's see how this breaks out.  Using average balance sheet figures for 4Q12, the allocation of equity and tangible equity to the old Merrill (combined above three segments) were as follows:

Total equity:                   $82.1 billion
Total economic capital:  $42.2 billion

There are 10.8 billion shares outstanding so BPS of the old Merrill is $7.60/BAC share.  Tangible book is $3.91/BAC share.

BAC is now trading at around $11.50, so the old BAC (pre-Merrill) is trading at $3.90/share (keep in mind, though, that some of the old BAC is now in the old Merrill; Global Banking, for example).   What do you get for $3.90/share?

For BAC as a whole, the common equity and tangible equity were:

Common equity:  $218 billion
Tangible equity:   $144 billion

Stripping out the old Merrill from above, you get:

Old BAC:
Common equity:  $136 billion
Tangible equity:   $102 billion

On a per share basis, that comes to $12.59/share in BPS and $9.44/share in tangible BPS for the old BAC (or the post-Merrill-spinoff-BAC).

So you are getting $12.59/share in book and $9.44/share in tangible book for $3.90/share!   That's a 60% discount to tangible book and 70% discount to BPS.

Pretty stunning when you look at it that way.

If the post-spin BAC is worth tangible book value and the Merrill is worth BPS, then the fair value of BAC is:

Merrill value (@BPS):                             $7.60/share
BAC ex-Merrill value at tangible book:  $9.44/share
Total value:                                             $17.04/share

That's 50% higher than the current price of around $11.50/share.  This is less than the $20/share book value for the current BAC as we don't give credit to the goodwill in the non-Merrill portion of BAC (which is goodwill from the Countrywide deal and maybe some others).   So it can be seen as conservative.

Goldman Sachs (GS)
Goldman also reported and had a double digit ROE.   It reported 16.5% annualized ROE for the 4Q2012 and 10.7% for the full year.   

BPS of GS at year-end was $144.67/share and tangible BPS was $134.06/share.  

So GS is now trading right around at book value per share ($144.50).  There has been concern that investment banks are dead, that new regulations will make it impossible for GS to make high returns again etc.

But I disagree with that.  I do feel that GS will be able to generate good returns over time. Just as a review, here is a long term look at the growth of BPS at GS:

              BPS
1999      20.94
2000      32.18
2001      36.33
2002      38.69
2003      43.6
2004      50.77
2005      57.02
2006      72.62
2007      90.43
2008      98.68
2009    117.48
2010    128.72
2011    130.31
2012    144.67

GS has increased BPS 16%/year since 1999, and importantly, BPS has increased every single year during the past decade and beyond despite the internet bubble and collapse, 9/11,  Iraq/Afghanistan, financial crisis etc.  Even since the peak of the bubble in 2007, BPS has increased at 10%/year.

Recent low ROE has been due to, according to management,  conservatism on management's part because of the uncertainties with respect to the macro environment (Europe), regulatory/capital issues (which remain unclear) and lower client activity.

If they thought there was a permanent change in the environment, they would gladly buy back large amounts of stock and return capital to shareholders.  They feel that this environment is temporary and want to hold capital so that they can deploy it when things normalize.  Viniar has said that they would love to buy back more stock but don't want to be put in a position that when things start to move, they don't have enough capital to deploy.

It's no good to take management's comments at face value, of course. But on the other hand, if you don't trust the management, then you shouldn't be in the stock (unless there are other good reasons to own the stock; asset values or potential to replace the management etc...).

I do believe that GS is being conservative.  This is very different from a company that can't earn high ROE even if it wants to and even in good environments.  There is a difference.

GS is still an attractive stock to own, though it's not a no-brainer like it was when it was under $100. 


Morgan Stanley (MS)
MS is an interesting situation.  I was never really that interested in MS except for valuation reasons.  It was just way too cheap, and it still may be.

I know that there are varying opinions on MS, but I am of the view that Purcell did destroy what MS was; when Mack came back, he rushed to get MS back into shape and got his traders to take huge risk to catch up to GS and others and he did it at precisely the wrong time and blew up spectacularly.  What was left was not so inspiring.  Even now, I don't see anything that exciting about MS.

But as I listened to the earnings call and flipped through some recent investor presentations (available at the MS website), one slide really stood out to me and I think was one of the factors that really made MS's stock price pop up a lot.

I was always wondering what was wrong with MS; why couldn't they earn better ROE?  Merrill was doing fine.  JPM was doing fine. 

And then the below chart just hit me over the head.  Maybe this was available before and I only noticed it recently.  But this chart shows the roadmap for MS to get their ROE over 10%.

What struck me is that with the current plans in place, MS is on it's way to earn an ROE of 9-10%. 

They can get to 9% with current plans and with no changes in the market environment.  By returning excess capital, they can get it up to around 10%.  If the operating environment improves, this can get ROE to over 10%.

It also helps that Dan Loeb is now long a bunch of MS.  It's always nice when someone is there for the shareholder to make sure management follows through on plans and achieve their goals.

If the turnaround continues, MS can get back to at least BPS, which is up close to $30/share.

But...
So I do like the financials.  I have liked them since late 2011 when I started posting about it on this blog.  Financials have done well since then, but I do think most of them are still pretty cheap.

I think there is still a lot of fear.  The press keeps talking about derivatives and leverage; people always worry about the last blowup and expect it to happen again really soon.  But my bet is that that rarely happens; you don't get two similar blowups so close to each other.  Yes, there is a financial crisis every few years.   When the stock market crashed in 1987, people worried about another stock market crash for years thereafter (and it has yet to happen).

But I really doubt that there will be anything with the major banks in the next few years.  Once people stop worrying about the last crash, money will start coming back to financials and valuations will normalize.  And again, when I say 'normalize', I don't mean get back up to bubble levels.

On the other hand, I understand that financials are getting mighty popular these days.  Someone who hated BAC at $5 is now saying it's a great buy at $12.  I don't understand that, but that's how the street works.  

Oh, and yes, there are a lot of other great banks and financial institutions.  WFC, for example.  It's a great bank.  But I do think it's sort of fully valued, even though it's not at all a bad investment.  It's not one that I would own now as I do like to buy things that are cheap that I think should be valued higher.  WFC valuation looks OK now; not cheap.  But the stock can do well when housing recovers more and they continue to increase earnings.  But it's a different type of holding than I want in my portfolio at this point.

Anyway, let's see how it goes.

Financials Still Look Good: Part 1

JP Morgan Earnings
So JPM announced earnings and things look pretty good to me.  Sure, there is still steady NIM pressure and this will be an issue this year too.  I think they said it will be a $400 million or so headwind in 2013.  But otherwise, things look pretty good.

I know people say that earnings actually aren't so great as they benefited from a refinancing boom and reserve releases, but I really don't find that a problem at this point.  Reserve releases just means that they over-reserved in the past so to the extent that it benefits earnings now, it just means that earnings were less bad in the past.  As for the refinancing boom, this is a function of lower interest rates so this offsets the NIM decline.  There's nothing wrong with that. 

Of course, at some point if conditions don't improve, reserve releases go away and mortgage refinancings peter out, it will put pressure on earnings for sure.  This is definitely a concern.

But the way I see it, things are still in a pretty depressed state.  Housing, for example, is recovering but is doing nothing compared to what it can do.  I'm not talking about going back to the boom times of the mid-2000s, but a more solid, firmer recovery is very possible if not likely.  In that case, all sorts of areas that are depressed now will start to come back slowly.

The investment bank too seems to be doing very well and it is hardly boom times in that area too.

I still think "normal" is much higher than here for the banks so any reduction in mortgage refinancings, reserve releases and stuff like that is something I fully expect will be offset by "normalization" in other areas.

Also, for many of the banks, legal and other costs are very elevated now and that will also start to come down over the next few years as these problems are settled.

In any case, I don't intend to get into the details, so I'll just look at one thing I do like to look at.  First, let's remember what Dimon said in the 2011 annual report letter to shareholders:

Our tangible book value per share is a good, very conservative measure of shareholder value.  If your assets and liabilities are properly valued, if your accounting is appropriately conservative, if you have real earnings without taking excessive risk and if you have strong franchises with defensible margins, tangible book value book value should be a very conservative measure of value.

So how did JPM do in 2012 based on tangible book value?  Here's an update of the tangible book value per share from 2006 through 2012:

             Tangible BPS      Return on Tangible Equity
2006      $18.88                          22%
2007      $21.96                          21%
2008      $22.52                            6%
2009      $27.09                          11%
2010      $30.18                          15%
2011      $33.69                          15%
2012      $38.75                          15%

So in a not so exciting year for the economy or the banking industry (remember the fiscal cliff?), JPM earned a return on tangible equity of 15%.  And this is in the year of the whopping whale loss.  Not bad at all, and we see how tangible book value can be a very conservative valuation for JPM.

Apple
OK, so let's take a detour for a second.  The other day on CNBC, a prominent analyst explained his Apple stock price target of $750/share.

His rationale is that he sees AAPL earning EPS of $50 in 2013 and $60 next year. At the end of next year, he estimates they will have $200 billion in cash. Since a lot is overseas, take 75% of that cash and it comes to $150/share.

So 10x $60 estimate is $600/share plus $150/share in cash is $750.

Apple is stuck at around $500/share now so if Apple gets there in two years, that's a return of 22%/year.  It should actually get there a little sooner than that as stock prices discount earnings before it is realized. 

But let's just hold that thought for a moment.   (I have more to say about Apple, but perhaps in a future post. I realize that Apple is now down 10%, but analyst price targets are apparently coming down now too, so I'll just leave the above alone).

Back to JPM
So tangible book value per share is a conservative estimate of the fair value of JPM. What is it worth?  Given it's return on tangible equity record of the recent past and Dimon's statement that they should earn at least 15% ROTE over time, I think 1.5x tangible equity is not unreasonable at all.

Assuming JPM can grow tangible book value per share at 12%/year like it has in the recent past, that gets us to a tangible BPS of $48.61/share by the end of 2014.  Put a 1.5x multiple on it and yet get a stock price of $72.92/share.

With the stock selling now at $46.50, that's 25%/year return from here (before dividends), better than Apple! 

OK, I am just comparing JPM to AAPL for fun so don't bother with the hate mail.  I know the rest of the world far prefers Apple to an opaque, highly levered, scary bank.  But I thought it was sort of interesting.  This is not to suggest that JPM is a better investment than AAPL.    JPM has a lot of risk and so does AAPL.

But What About NIM?!
NIM to me is still the primary risk in investing in banks.  I don't worry about another whale loss at all.  But we have to remember that banks are dynamic institutions, not static, unmanaged entities.  If NIM continues to go down, then I am confident that unlike Japanese banks, it will be managed accordingly.  If NIM becomes too thin, uneconomic loans won't be made.  If certain business lines don't earn a hurdle return rate on capital, then the business won't be done.  This is not how business is done in Japan (maybe more on that in a later post).   If there is excess capital because of that, excess capital will be returned to shareholders.

As long as the bank(s) is well managed, I think things should be OK.

Whale Loss Report / Atlantic Magazine Article
I read the JP Morgan task force report on the CIO incident (see here) and it was a great read.  Or, I should say, an unpleasant read for a shareholder.  Does it scare me that this happened?  Not really.  It is actually quite shocking that they tried to manage such a large, complex position with billions in notional amount outstanding on a spreadsheet with a junior employee cutting and pasting data from one spreadsheet to another.   There are other scary things in there.

But the reason why I am not so worried about this is that from the beginning I knew that this blowup occured because the CIO was treated differently than the rest of the company.  It was sort of like a teacher's pet project; Dimon had such faith and confidence in Ina Drew that he gave her a lot of rope and didn't have the firm risk management on top of CIO like it had on other business lines.  As far as Dimon was concerned, if Drew was OK, he didn't need to have anyone else check it out.   I think that was the critical error on the part of Dimon and JPM.

So in that sense, it is highly unlikely that anyone else can be doing something similar elsewhere in the firm.  Of course it's possible.  Nobody can say it can't ever happen.  But I feel like I understand the personal / political dynamic that was going on at JPM at the time.

I also quickly skimmed the recent Atlantic Magazine article on how a whale-like blow-up can happen again and I thought the article was ridiculous.  This is not to say that it can't happen.  But the article really doesn't raise anything new and uses large numbers that do tend to scare people, like the notional amount of derivatives sitting on bank balance sheets.

The article mentions that Bill Ackman thought "for once I thought you could trust the carrying values on bank books" after the crisis and bought $1 billion of Citigroup stock in 2010 and then sold out last year at a loss of $400 million.  Ackman is quoted as saying, “For the first seven years of Pershing Square, I believed that an investor couldn’t invest in a giant bank. Then I felt I could invest in a bank, and I did—and I lost a lot of money doing it.”

But does this have anything to do with bank disclosure or bad trading on the part of Ackman?   I don't think there was a disclosure/opacity issue responsible for his loss.

Notional Amount is Not Indicative of Risk
Also, as is usual in these articles, they raise the issue of the astoundingly large notional amounts of derivatives outstanding.  Wells Fargo has $2.8 trillion on it's books, but that's nothing compared to $72 trillion on JPM's books.  These are huge numbers.   These figures are usually compared to GDPs.

This figure is really not all that relevant in measuring risk.  I don't know if accounting and ISDA standards have changed since I've been in the business, but if it hasn't changed much, this notional amount is of very little value in measuring risk.

If I was a bank and you are a customer, you may want to fix your floating rate obligation.  So we can do an interest rate swap where you pay me a fixed rate and I pay you a floating rate.  Let's say we do this on a notional amount of $1 million.  Then let's say short term interest rates go down and you think it will keep going down so you want to go back to paying a floating rate.  We can do another swap on the $1 million.  Then we have two swaps outstanding for a total notional amount of $2 million.

So the notional amount outstanding on my book went up from $1 million to $2 million, but my risk actually went down as my exposure to you has been eliminated by an offsetting swap.  Under ISDA rules, whatever obligation we have to each other can be netted out.   Go back and forth again two more times and my notional outstanding can go up to $4 million, but my risk including credit exposure to you, has not increased at all; in fact it can be absolutely zero.  You would not know that from the $4 million outstanding notional amount figure.

People always talk about Buffett's costly unwinding of Gen Re's derivatives positions. The marks were good until they reached for it; once they started to trade out of it, the marks didn't reflect reality and it cost them a lot to get out of.   And yet, Buffett personally owns a million shares of JPM stock with $72 trillion notional of weapons of mass destruction on the books. 

How can this be?  I think it's important to remember that the sort of derivatives on JPM's books and on someone like Gen Re's (or AIG's) can be very different in nature.  Why?  JPM's credit rating and role as lead bank for many large global blue chip corporations means that it is the primary counterparty for simple, plain vanilla derivatives used to hedge foreign currency and interest rate exposure.  When Proctor and Gamble wants to hedge global FX risk, they do swaps with the likes of JPM or other major city bank.  They typically will not go to AIG or Gen Re who are not their bankers.

A major corporation like IBM may sell bonds to the public; some institutions may have a need for floating rate instruments while IBM wants to offer fixed rate, straight debt.  Someone like JPM can do the offering and do a swap with the investor (do a fix-float swap), or have IBM offer a floating rate bond and do a swap with IBM.  This can happen across currencies (IBM may offer yen bonds, swap it into fixed dollar payments etc...).

This is why the major city banks have such large notional derivatives outstanding.

Why are other institutions' derivatives more toxic and tricky?  It's because Gen Re, AIG and others can't compete and make money in plain vanilla derivatives.  They can go to Johnson and Johnson and say, hey, we want to help you manage your interest rate risk.  But they won't be able to compete with JNJ's bankers.  It could be a credit rating issue or just a banking relationship issue (main banks may be willing to do hedging transactions for very low margin as part of maintaining a relationship.  Pricing may also be more competitive as big money center banks have many similar counterparties to offset differing hedging needs etc...  There is a network effect here too).

Most likely, it will be that JNJ will already have derivatives outstanding with a few of the large banks already and to do a deal with an existing counterparty is just more efficient from a documentation, collateral management, netting and other issues.

It's hard to break into that side of the business.  This is why other institutions often have to compete in more exotic derivatives that are harder to price (and have wider spreads).

Also, most of the notional outstanding are FX or interest rate swaps.  Very little of the notional outstanding is based on equities, commodities or other volatile instruments.  Why is this important?   Think about a fix-float swap.  One counterparty agrees to pay fix and receive float from someone.  If the counterparty goes under and if the swap is effectively terminated, future payments just stop.  If the bust counterparty can't pay their fixed rate payment, then you don't pay your floating rate payment.  There is no loss of principle or anything like that.  What would usually happen is that there might be a hedging loss; whatever hedge you put on you will have to unwind and you may take a loss on it.  Typically, such losses would be covered by collateral held so no loss would be incurred unless there was a large market move after the termination of the swap.

During the financial crisis, notional derivatives outstanding was not an indication of how much risk a bank had.  In fact, people always thought that JPM would be the first domino to fall due to their derivatives book.  (Critics will say if the financial system fell, JPM would have fallen too. Dimon denies that and I side with Dimon on that one (or at least he said they would have been fine even if things got far worse; I don't know about a total collapse).  But either way, if the financial system failed and everyone went under, then it would be moot anyway; banks with less derivatives outstanding would have failed too).

The first banks to fall were the subprime lenders, then some of the regional banks like IndyMac and Wamu (not known for large derivatives outstanding).  Bear Stearns and Lehman both failed due to pretty plain vanilla positions (mortgages in the case of BSC and commercial real estate loans in the case of Lehman (the then CFO did say that commercial real estate loans was what killed Lehman; they were plain vanilla, straight loans).   AIG failed due to derivatives, yes.  But it wasn't the size that did them in but the one-sided, unhedged bets that killed them (and they were neither a bank nor an investment bank).  Citigroup's large losses occured in SIVs, a security that didn't even appear on the balance sheet; it had nothing to do with the notional derivatives outstanding.

This is not to say that there isn't some funky stuff in JPM or WFC's derivatives books.  There usually are some funky/exotic things in any book.  But they tend to be a very small part of the trillions in notional outstanding.

Other Losses
The article also mentioned a proprietary trading loss of $14 million and an economic hedging loss of $1 million (at Wells Fargo) and noted that these figures are small, but how do we know how big it could have gotten?  They talk about these small losses and tell us that it could have been far, far worse, but we wouldn't know because Wells Fargo doesn't tell us how much risk they are taking.  I found this to be reaching a bit too much.    This seems a bit silly to me.

This is not to say that there aren't any risks.   Banks / investment banks are risky businesses.

OK, I was going to talk about Bank of America, Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley (just brief comments, nothing deep) but this post is already really long so I'll send this out first and finish my thought in the next post.  Plus I haven't posted in a while so it'd be nice to get something out there now.

Apple is No Polarioid, But...

I spent the last couple of weeks reading some books on Polaroid and took some notes that I thought were interesting and goes to the heart of my problem with Apple stock.

Of course, Apple is not Polaroid.  Polaroid was 'just' an instant camera, made irrelevant by digital technology.  Apple has a deep eco-system and the halo-effect of multiple products working with each other (iPhone buyers may buy a Mac, then a Macbook Air etc...).

The simple way value investors deal with something like Apple is simply that it goes into the "too hard" pile as it is in a fast changing, highly competitive industry.

Everyone seems to love Apple stores and Apple products now and they would never change to something else. But at one point in time, people felt that about the Palm Pilot and the "crack"-berry too.  Apple may be better off and more deeply entrenched than these, but that doesn't mean it's a permanent situation.

Someone said to me that Polaroid was made irrelevant by technology.  Well, of course it was.  It's easy to see what happened now in hindsight, but at the time it may not have been so easy to see, or they may have figured they have time to evolve into digital technology. As for Apple, there is no telling what will come next in the tech world, and Apple is not guaranteed it's current status forever.

In any case, my argument really isn't about "this is tech and it's too hard", or that Apple is a fad or some such thing.  My beef is quite a bit more specific than that, and that's why I am spending some bandwidth on this issue.

I'm not trying to convert Apple bulls into bears either as I don't think I necessarily have a strong bearish case.    The point would be more that we have seen this movie before.  Something gets so popular that's it's dominance just seems inevitable.   The stock price is cheap so it attracts all sorts of investors; from growth funds to value funds (due to the low p/e) and even income funds (thanks to the dividend).  Can it really be so simple?

The cheapness makes it a not so favorite short (although I know there is always a small group of bubble-callers on any popular stock; especially in the short-term trading world).

Anyway, my biggest problem is that Apple's success, to me, was a Steve Jobs story, not an Apple story.  When Jobs died last year, people were worried.  The rally in the year since his death reflected the continuing momentum at Apple, but also was a collective sigh of relief;  whew, Jobs is gone but Apple is still doing OK.  Maybe Cook can pull this off.

I tend to think that's the wrong conclusion.  Apple is still coasting on Jobs' creation so they haven't really been tested yet.  This is the thing that worries me.  It's not about market share of iPhones/iPads or anything like that.

Anyway, as I read the Polaroid books, I jotted down these very interesting points (which admittedly supports my view/concern).

The first book I read was Land's Polaroid: A Company and the Man Who Invented It, by Peter C. Wensberg (published in 1987).  It's a fantastic book.  It takes a good, close look at Polaroid and Land.  I do think Apple owners should read it.

Here is a snip from p. 235:

"In 1959, two years after the color work had first been shown to Kodak and several patent applications made for it, Land addressed the Boston Patent Law Association.  Characteristically, he extolled the importance of the individual's contribution - Ptolemy, Copernicus, Galileo, Newton, Faraday, Maxwell, Einstein - rather than science as a group effort.  He derided the notion of teamwork as the ideal framework for scientific endeavor.  "There is something warm and appealing and cozy," he said, "about this picture of the human race marching forward, locked arm in arm and mind to mind; and there are insecure ages in life and insecure people in life to whom this vision of progress by phalanx brings comfort and strength.  But I, for one, think this is nonsense socially and nonsense scientifically.  I think human beings in the mass are fun at square dances, exciting to be with in a theater audience, and thrilling to cheer with at the California-Stanford or Harvard-Yale games.  At the same time, I think, whether outside science or within science, there is no such thing as group originality or group creativity or group perspicacity."

While some in the audience grappled with the notion of Land having fun at a square dance, he went on.  "I do believe wholeheartedly in the individual capacity for greatness, in one way or another, in  almost any healthy human being under the right circumstances; but being part of a group is, in my opinion, generally the wrong circumstance.  Two minds may sometimes be better than one, provided that each of the two minds is working separately while the two are working together; yet three tended to become a crowd."

This supports my (and others) view that Polaroid was a story about Land, not a company.  I conclude that the recent Apple success was also a Steve Jobs story, not an Apple story.  Of course, Jobs couldn't have done what he did without the company and it's employees, but the key driver of the success was Jobs.  Land's above view supports this conclusion, I think.


 From the Epilogue, page 247:

...He had wanted to create new things; the polarizer and the instant camera would remain the best known.  But perhaps his most original invention had been his company.  It was no less the product of a conscious process of experimentation and insight and repeated failure and creation and ultimate success than had been the other inventions.  In the slough of the Depression he was already shaping the idea of a new sort of corporation whose characteristics were so unusual as to be bizarre, almost ludicrous.
  At a time when steel companies, automobile factories, and textile mills were slowing to a halt, spilling workers into the streets, he was talking and thinking and writing about a company founded on science that would design new products not imagined by the public, which would be attracted to the products because they filled a hitherto unperceived need.  He wanted a company to create an environment for art at a time when many were worried about meeting the next payroll.   He talked about a company where the work life would be so satisfying that workers would look forward to the day's beginning and regrets its end, while sweatshops were in their heyday and unions fought to establish basic rights on the job.  These were the ravings of a pioneer.

The italics are from the book, the underlines are mine.

Despite the above, it didn't quite work out.  Land thought he created the right company, but without him it went nowhere.  Jobs was pleased that he got the culture right at Apple while Sony got it wrong.  But I think he also said Land got the culture right.  And look what happened.


Another book (I just got whatever Polaroid book was available at the library) The Polaroid Story: Edwin Land and the Polaroid Experience by Mark Olshaker (published in 1978) was also an interesting read since it was published in 1978, when Polaroid was still doing very well.  (I read the paperback which was titled Polaroid Story, but the original hard cover was called The Instant Image.)

It gives us the sort of color/sentiment regarding Polaroid and it's post-Land future at the time:


Page 3, at the 1977 annual meeting, Land commented that:

...the corporation is currently involved "not with products and industries, but new concepts of what a company should be."

Page 47, a long time Polaroid employee said,

"Land told us what we were going to make, Bill McCune showed us how to make everything."

(Is Tim Cook the Bill McCune of Apple?)

Page 22, in 1937 when Polaroid Corporation was formed with Wall Street financing, they said:

"So even at this stage, the 28-year-old Land struck the Wall Street establishment as being so unique that they turned back control of the company they had just bought and made the man they had bought it from promise to stay for at least a decade.  Everyone acknowledged that the future of Polaroid Corporation would be determined by what went on in the brain of Edwin Land.  Unlike most new business ventures, what they had bought into was not a new technology, a product or an array of concrete assets, but one man's mind."  (my underline)

In the last chapter, "Conclusion", page 260, it says:

"Even at a time when the company is anxious to point out that the new generation of management has the situation well in control, Land's presence is still felt as strongly as ever.  Though Land is far from being the only inventor inhabiting the Polaroid research laboratories, his interests, confidence, and personal dreams have determined each direction the company has followed.  Will another individual emerge with both his inherent authority and his persistence of vision?  Or will Polaroid's corporate direction be determined by the committee system in the future?

     Regardless of Land's pervasive influence as Polaroid's single guiding force, the corporation will probably survive his loss at least as well as the Ford Motor Company survived the loss of Henry Ford and Eastman Kodak weathered the loss of George Eastman.  Whether the basic nature of the institution Land created will remain the same is a matter of speculation.  One corporate structure that is often compared with the relationship between Land and Polaroid is that of Walt Disney Productions.  In both cases, the product and social impact of the company arose out of the imagination of one master. 

     When Walt Disney died in 1966, numerous observers predicted that the organization would not long outlive the Mouse King, just as many predict that Polaroid cannot continue in the same spirit without Edwin Land.  But Disney Productions did survive, and continues generating both product and profit at an unprecedented rate.  On the other hand, while the company is still brilliantly successful - in television and films and the two theme parks - it has not moved out in any new creative directions since Disney's passing.  Instead, it has optimized what was already in the hopper when he died.  Polaroid's second-generation leadership must obviously be cognizant of the lesson in this for them.

The author didn't really mention the long period of time that Disney did have trouble after Walt's passing.  Steve Jobs famously warned Tim Cook not to sit around and ask what Steve Jobs would do (which is what post-Walt Disney had a problem with).

And on page 262,

     The most carefully Land has publicly addressed himself this issue was in the interview he gave Forbes in June 1975:  "There is only room for one of me in this company, and if while the one is there, all the others are growing and learning, the worst thing that could happen is that we could become one of the two or three best companies in photography and running along steadily.  The best thing that could happen is that we would not merely do that, but one or two or five of the young people around me - the apprentices in every sense - will take over and we might go three or four times as fast." 

This is a little off the topic, but there was a quote of Land's that is very inspiring from this book so I'll post it here:

The Five Thousand Steps to Success

If you dream of something worth doing and then simply go to work on it and don't think of anything of personalities, or emotional conflicts, or of money, or of family distractions; if you just think of, detail by detail, what you have to do next, it is a wonderful dream even if the end is a long way off, for there are about five thousand steps to be taken before we realize it; and start making the first ten, making twenty after, and it is amazing how quickly you get through those five thousand steps.  (Edwin Land to Polaroid employees, December 23, 1942)

Anyway, this book ended with optimism that Polaroid will do just fine without Edwin Land.  Again, we know that that wasn't the case.  It took until 2001 for Polaroid to go bust, but they had many bad years before that.

There is an interesting new book out written by a former Polaroid employee that takes a close look at Polaroid of the post-Land era up to and even after the 2001 bankruptcy.  It is quite an interesting read:

Fall of an Icon:  Polaroid After Edwin H. Land:  An Insider's View of a Once Great Company by Milton P. Dentch

Dentch lists all sorts of reasons why Polaroid failed post-Land and he feels that a different approach/managements might have been able to keep Polaroid viable.  After reading his book, I still think the main issue was that without Land, Polaroid was toast.   People will argue that Polaroid was toast way before Land was fired in 1982 as he was responsible for the Polavision fiasco.  But either way, I tend to think Polaroid had very little chance of success after Land.

Anyway, the book quotes from the Polaroid Handbook from the mid-60s,

    We have two basic aims here at Polaroid.  One is the make products which are genuinely new and useful to the public, products of the highest quality at reasonable cost.  In this way we assure the financial success of the Company, and each of us has the satisfaction of helping to make a creative contribution to society.
    The other is to give everyone working for Polaroid personal opportunity within the company for full exercise of his talents; to express his opinions, to share in the progress of the Company as far as his capacities permit, to earn enough money so that the need for earning more will not always be the first thing on his mind - opportunity, in short, to make his work here a fully rewarding, important part of his life.
    These goals can make Polaroid a great company - not merely in size, but great in the esteem of all the people for whom it makes new, good things, and great in its fulfillment of the individual ideals of its employees.

And about Jobs and Land:

     Jobs himself spoke about Land in a 1985 magazine interview with Playboy. "Eventually Dr. Land, one of those brilliant troublemakers, was asked to leave his own company - which is one of the dumbest things I've ever heard of," he said.  Jobs - a brilliant troublemaker in his own right, was pushed out of Apple months later.  Polaroid drifted after Land's departure, and eventually filed for bankruptcy.  Apple also fell on hard times after the Jobs exit, but the company revived when its founder returned to lead it again.  Jobs and Land shared a creative gift that gave the world products it had to have.  Call it genius or call it magic.  You can't replace that.  (Steven Syre, the Boston Globe, October 7, 2011)

(emphasis is mine)


In a previous post, I mentioned how the intense focus of Apple can be a risk post-Jobs since they may focus on the wrong thing; if whatever they focus on doesn't sell, they might get in trouble.

In the case of Polaroid, it seems like they lost focus after Land.  Here is the last two chapters from the Dentch book:

     The lack of focus was a bigger problem than I realized when I started my book.  When Dr. Land decided to produce instant color film, develop the perfect Instant photographic process, the SX-70, make Polaroid negative or Polaroid batteries, employees at all levels jumped on board gladly.  It was exciting to be part of;  we had focus and got the job done.

     The Polaroid Corporation was the embodiment of one person, Edwin Herbert Land; he was the founder, inventor and the protective father figure to his employees.  When Land was pushed out of his company by the board of directors in 1982,  his successors never found or maintained a viable focus again.

 (emphasis mine)

Yes, there have been great founders where the companies have survived for many decades after their passing or retirement.  Most of the S&P 500 companies would probably fit into that category.

So why not Apple?  I don't think they will necessarily go bust any time soon.  When Jobs left the last time in the 1980s, Apple survived and the Mac never went away; Mac fans were loyal and continued to use them.  It's just that the business trajectory shifted a bit without Jobs' 'magic'.

Sure, Cook is way better than Sculley so they may do better this time around.

But my thinking is that the Boston Globe reporter is correct from the quote above:

Jobs and Land shared a creative gift that gave the world products it had to have.  Call it genius or call it magic.  You can't replace that.   

After reading these Polaroid books, which Jobs may have too, I wonder if Jobs had any doubts about Apple.  I don't remember him expressing any doubt (except for him saying that the only problem is that Tim Cook is not a product guy), but I wonder if the Polaroid story hung in his mind in his last days.  I wonder what instructions he left to the trust that owned Apple shares (did they sell?).

Anyway, there may be no new information here, but I thought I'd post some of my notes on reading these books.  Some of it was very enlightening to me.

:

Why I Left Apple (Apple is a Speculation)





OK, this title is meant to mock the book about Goldman Sachs with a similar title.  I have never worked for Apple, so this is misleading.

 

Warning:  This post has no data or any analysis.  It's just opinion, like a dinner table conversation with family on what worries me as an Apple shareholder (or former shareholder, current shorter) so maybe it's more of a rant or lengthy rambling.

 

So those looking for spreadsheets, data, channel-checks and information from Asian expert networks on Apple supplier order trends can skip this post.

Anyway, first of all, I do admit that a long Apple position has been the biggest dollar contributor to my performance this year; I owned the stock for much of the first half of the year.   And then I got short starting in October or so when I posted about that here (and got more comments (or close to that) than any other post, ironically).

 

It was on October 11, in my post titled "Crash?!"

 

I'm not proud of trading, but I admit that October was very good for my portfolio largely thanks to the Apple short (which I covered in November).

 

I do understand the long story for Apple.  It is incredibly cheap and it does have tremendous momentum.  Yes, Apple is not Motorola or Nokia.  Yes, it's not just a gadget but it's the eco-system.  And yes, a large market-cap is not barrier to further gains.   I agree with all of that.

The reason I got nervous and dumped my Apple shares was simply because I couldn't see Apple ten years out.  I couldn't see that when I bought the shares, but I bought it thinking I can buy at 10x p/e and sell at 15x p/e or something like that and then enjoy the earnings momentum along the way.   Let's put it this way; it was not a high conviction, buy and hold for a long time position in the first place for me.

 

What triggered my starting to short it was the incredible run-up in the shares and the incredible attention to the stock.  It seemed like everyone was buying Apple stock including dividend/income funds and things like that.  I saw folks on CNBC ridiculing the people who don't get Apple and telling viewers that it's really simple; just buy the stock and enjoy the ride.   People who don't get it are fools.  These people were from some sort of Apple shareholders' club (another thing that set off alarm bells).  The tone was enough for me not to want to be on board with them.

 

Yes, I know.  Julian Robertson and David Einhorn and many other incredible investors like Apple and I don't have any information that they don't have so they are probably right.

 

And it's not a good idea to make investments or trades based on these "feelings".  I rarely do so.  But sometimes, I get such a strong feeling about something that I can't help myself.  And I allow myself to make these trades that I couldn't explain to Warren Buffett or Charlie Munger as long as I don't lose money doing it.

 

Anyway, here are some things that bother me.  I really don't care about iPhone5 sales in China or how many iPads they sell this holiday season.  My concern has nothing to do with these near-term issues that the pundits seem to always talk about when they talk about Apple.

 

I finally finished the book about Jobs by Walter Isaacson.  I read a lot of books simultaneously, so sometimes it takes me forever to finish a book.  Well, I finally did finish it and I was surprised by something; I am actually now much more bearish about Apple than before I read the book!

 

I think in many ways, the importance of Jobs may be underestimated by current Apple bulls:

 

Who's the Product Guy?

People say that Jony Ive is still there and Tim Cook is doing well running Apple.  This is true.  But what scares me is that Ive may create ten or twelve (or more) models of something and then Jobs would come in and take a look at them.  He would pick the ones that look good, demand changes here and there etc.

 

He is the editor that is instrumental in perfecting the product.  Does anyone do that there now at Apple?  Who has that sort of vision that Jobs had?  Who knows what the customer wants better than the customer?  Even Jobs says that Cook is not a product guy.  So who is the product guy there now?  Could Ive have created those great products without Jobs' input and choosing/editing?  

 

Jobs insisted on doing no market research.  That's because he had an uncanny ability to create products and ideas without that.  Who there can do that now?

 

Reality Distortion Field

The energy and charisma of Jobs allowed "impossible" things to get done.  There are many situations where Jobs threw a tantrum and wouldn't take no for an answer.  Who has that power at Apple now?  As I said in another post, it is very interesting to note that Samsung (which is run by a charismatic founder/leader) was able to get things done in a fast changing world while Sony lost it's way after the passing of the founder Akio Morita (one can argue that he lost his way too long ago).

 

Apple products that put Apple back on the map after Job's return were so revolutionary and much of it was possible due to Jobs insistence on all the various aspects he wouldn't give up on.  It is questionable if anyone else could have done the same thing even if they had similar ideas.

 

Focus

Apple is great because they focus on just a few things and just do it really, really well.  I have read Tim Cook's recent interviews and saw his interview on TV.  He is impressive to be sure. 

 

But here's what scares me.  He says that Apple is not going to go out and try to do a whole lot of stuff.  They just want to do a few things but do it really, really well. 

 

This is a good idea when you have such an amazing product guy like Jobs.  But what happens when you don't have someone like that?   Cook is not a product guy.  How do they choose what to focus on next?  What if they choose the wrong thing?

 

I am a portfolio manager (of sorts) so I can't help thinking of analogies in the financial world.  George Soros is a brilliant trader.  He has built (at one time) a great organization that performed incredibly well.  He built up, no doubt, a culture of hard work and deep analysis and an intense focus on risk management etc.  He hired the top people from the top schools and/or competitors.

 

But would Soros organization perform as well without him?  I think history has proven that that hasn't happened.

 

Even if you have the best staff, if the ultimate editor, the one who chooses what to focus on and where to put the resources, things may not work out as well without the 'visionary'. 

 

I know this is not a good analogy at all, but I can't not compare.

 

If Jobs was a CEO that managed a company that created great products, then it would be a different story (like being the CEO of Fidelity instead of the head of a hedge fund who makes the key investment decisions).

Jobs, to me, is so clearly more the product creator than CEO.  So in a sense, he is more like the talented hedge fund manager that puts up great performance figures with the help of a great staff.  He is definitely not the normal, CEO-type. 

 

This is a problem for Apple post-Jobs.

 

Anyway, back to the point.  For the next product, whether it's the iTV or whatever, they are going to focus intensely on something and if that something is not going to blow the world away, it can be hugely problematic.

 

I think there was a sense of relief after the first year post-Jobs, but all the developments since then were probably already planned out.  Perhaps there is more coming up that has already been planned for the next year or two. 

But what about after that?

 

I subtitled this post "Apple is a Speculation" because we don't know what comes after this.  I don't know that iPhone and iPad upgrades can continue forever like Windows was able to do for so long.  I do tend to think that the PC was much stickier than the iPhone/iPad.  Consumers love it, no doubt.  But it's not nearly as sticky, I don't think, as the PC.  The cost of switching out of a PC-based environment is huge (think of business use, not consumer use which is just emailing, internet etc.) 

 

Apple Got the Culture Right

The other thing that scares me is that Jobs loved Edwin Land of Polaroid and he told people that Land got the culture right.  Well, Land retired from Polaroid in 1982, died in 1991 and Polaroid was bankrupt by 2001.  Yes, that's almost twenty years, but still.  I don't know the financial history of Polaroid from 1982-2001.  I wish I had a tear-sheet from that period.  But I wonder how well they did after 1982.   And this is for a company that got the culture right.

 

Yes, people will argue that technology caught up to them.  But who is to say that can't happen at Apple?  I think Apple is terrified of Spotify, for example.   Many seem to like Spotify more than iTunes.

 

So Polaroid gets the culture right and goes bust in less than 20 years.  This may not happen to Apple.  But that doesn't mean Apple will keep doing as well for the next 20 years.

Sony
I keep coming back to Sony because it's so similar to Apple to me.  There is a lot that is different, but there are similarities.  People will argue that Sony made no-moat gadgets and didn't have the captive eco-system that Apple now has.  This is absolutely true. 

But the lead in eco-system seems to be shrinking versus competitors.  When I look at what people do on the iPhone/iPad, they seem to be either listening to music, watching a movie, shopping or playing games.  The interesting thing is that these things are very low cost.  What does that mean?  To me, it seems like that makes the cost of switching much cheaper.  When you only pay $2.99 or some such for a game, you will most likely easily abandon it if something more interesting comes along.

It's true that the iPad seems to be doing more and more in the business world; at my local 24-hour deli (NYC deli), they swipe credit cards on an iPad.   But at this early stage, they may not have a lock on any given area yet.

On the other hand, maybe Sony did well for a long time (it was founded in 1946) because they actually did do a lot of things. 

The annual reports from 1964 are available at the Sony website and it's fascinating to read through them; especially the old ones.

They were involved in many areas and were never really a one product company.  They had many failures but none killed them because they weren't so focused like Apple is today. 

Just for fun, I snipped some of these pictures from various old annual reports.


This is the laser disk that never really took off:

I don't know what this typecorder is.  I guess it's an early word processor.

Of course the big hit was the Sony Walkman.  This was created by the strong urging of Sony's CEO Morita.  People said there would be no market for such a product, but Morita, in a Jobs-like way, saw a market for this.

And here's a photo of the then largest color TV.  I thought it was funny given how big LCD screens are these days.

Anyway, Sony had the betamax fiasco and various format wars.  They have survived through the years precisely because they did a lot of things, I think.  (They would probably be bankrupt by now if they didn't have Sony Financial)

 

Of course, today, they may be involved in too much and may do nothing well.  But at this point, it's hard to imagine that they can do anything well.

 

 

Other Companies that Got the Culture Right

Recent cases where perfectionist, highly demanding, hands-on, detail-oriented founder/CEOs retiring that didn't go too well are Starbucks, Dell, Fast Retailing (Uniqlo).  Howard Schultz seemed to have gotten the culture right at Starbucks, and yet he had to come back to fix Starbucks.  Fast Retailing has a Steve Jobs-like CEO, Tadashi Yanai, who is highly demanding and has a good sense and feel for retail.  He retired once but since had to come back to fix Fast Retailing.   He too often talks about culture (he may not use that word); he often talks about developing employees etc.

 

I know there must be some successful cases, but these cases came to mind because of the style of the CEO; they were very hands-on.

 

In Apple's case, the runway of growth in front of them on existing products on upgrades and whatever was on the drawing board that Jobs put there may sort of mask this problem; Apple may very well be coasting on Job's achievement for now.

 

When people start to see this (which I think is already happening), it may be difficult for Apple to get a high valuation.

 

Conclusion

So, my thinking is that Apple will probably hit some bumps in the road in the not too distant future.  The stock price is cheap so it may not go down a whole lot, but it's only cheap if they maintain these high margins.  I have no proof, but I suspect that customers will see where all of their dollars are going and will eventually start to demand a better deal.  In an increasing competitive environment, why should Apple capture such fat margins?

 

I think Jobs was basically a genius product creator that was relentlessly demanding and would take nothing less than perfection.  He was the product guy of the century, maybe.  And Apple is very, very product dependent.  They don't sell a lot of products so whatever they come out with next MUST succeed.  Can they do this without Jobs?   This is yet untested. 

 

If H&M or Gap misses on their fashion for a season or two, they will suffer, but it probably won't kill them.

 

With Apple, they are like the portfolio manager that bets on two or three stocks.  When a genius is managing the portfolio, this can be incredibly successful.  But what happens when someone different takes over and still tries to manage a three stock portfolio? 

I don't know.   Apple may continue to do well for many, many years to come.

But I get the sense that the greatest asset at Apple was Steve Jobs, plain and simple.  Just as the best analysts and employees may help some star hedge fund managers achieve incredible returns, that doesn't mean that the analysts and employees will be able to continue posting those strong returns without the star.

 

And in anticipation of the people disagreeing, I understand the bullish argument.  Opposing views are always welcome here (or else why post publicly?).  But I just want to say that I am very well aware of the bull case! (Don't forget, it's the biggest dollar contributor to my portfolio this year).